ADVANCES IN PEARLESCENT PIGMENTS: STRUCTURE, SYNTHESIS, AND SUSTAINABILITY

Abstract

Pearlescent pigments are indispensable materials in numerous industries, prized for their ability to generate captivating luster and vibrant optical effects. These pigments typically consist of thin metal oxide layers—such as titanium dioxide, iron oxide, aluminum oxide, and zinc oxide—deposited on transparent mica platelets. Their unique optical performance arises from the interference of light waves within these multilayer structures, producing dynamic color variations that shift with changes in illumination and observation angles. The structural characteristics and synthesis methods utilized to create these pigments are thoroughly examined in this paper, emphasizing the significance of exact control over substrate shape, layer thickness, and crystalline phase composition. To clarify the connection between pigment structure and optical characteristics, advanced characterisation techniques like as UV-visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) are covered. Applications of pearlescent pigments extend to cosmetics, automotive coatings, packaging, plastics, and even food and textiles, where their ability to produce luxurious finishes and functional performance—such as UV protection and heat management—has driven widespread adoption. The review also explores contemporary challenges associated with environmental and regulatory concerns, emphasizing the shift towards greener production techniques and the development of hybrid or sustainable alternatives. These efforts aim to reduce the environmental footprint while maintaining or even enhancing the optical performance of 6 pearlescent pigments. Overall, this paper offers a comprehensive perspective on the science and technology of pearlescent pigments, highlighting their versatility and the ongoing commitment to environmentally responsible innovation within this dynamic field.