DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF DELAY TOLERANT TECHNIQUES IN INTERNET OF THINGS

Abstract

As the internet of things (IoT) continues to pervade its way into all areas of real-life applications a simultaneous requirement for supporting infrastructure also appears. The newer and more complex applications, that continue to be designed, require a network and communication system that is consistent and dependable. Another factor to be considered is, the pace of digitisation spread is much faster than what growth in physical infrastructure could keep up with. This manifests differently but simultaneously in both sparsely populated rural as well as densely populated urban areas. There is a requirement for alternative solutions that would help the consistent spread of IoT-based services even in areas that might lack full-fledged technical infrastructure support. Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) can fill this gap by providing alternative as well as hybrid solutions for achieving this goal. Delay-tolerant solutions are designed for challenged or infrastructure-lacking environments. Thus, they can aid in the expansion of IoT services in unstable environments. In most IoT applications data acquisition is performed via sensors that are resource constrained, so the major challenge is processing a large amount of real-time, even multimedia, data from different types of sensors and maintaining reliable communication. The main requirement is that the network makes optimal usage of network resources as, well as has an assured Quality of Service. The major concerns in these sensor-based IoT networks are that permanent connections cannot be set up with the narrow spectrum available; also, the limited processing ability and memory cannot maintain consistent state information per connection. The mobility of nodes adds a further layer of complexity. Research shows that Delay Tolerant solutions can improve overall network performance Furthermore; IoT applications that require multicast services would have even more suitable solutions as DTNs have excellent performance for multicast data dissemination to large groups of heterogeneous nodes. Most solutions for DTN-enabled IoT centre on decentralising the routing process and replacing continuous connectivity with "Opportunistic" connectivity. Opportunistic behaviour means, that the neighbours and time of data transmission be decided in an v opportune way i.e. when a chance meeting occurs. The success of such decision algorithms depends on the availability and accuracy of apriori knowledge (predictions), which is sometimes not available but research has shown that considering the resources and stability required for absolute optimum requires an unrealistic amount of computation, thus hybrid algorithms are proposed that are much more practical. The most prevalent algorithms fall under the class of the store-carry-forward mechanism. The nodes (stationary or mobile) are divided into different clusters and carry and forward messages across the network to deliver them as destined. For achieving the mentioned objectives, this study utilizes modifying DTN protocols for handling intermittent connectivity in networks where there is no immediate path from source to destination. Optimizing transmission strategies and reducing redundant transmissions, to minimize the energy consumption of IoT devices. Leverage buffering techniques to store data at intermediate nodes until a forwarding opportunity arises. These approaches have tremendous applicability to solving the problems of actual value. The following strategies are used to achieve the targeted objectives: For achieving the first objective, an extensive investigation is performed to provide a comprehensive survey of DTN routing solutions tailored for IoT applications. The goal is to identify, analyse, and categorize these protocols based on their design principles, performance metrics, and applicability to IoT use cases. In the second objective, a DTN routing protocols, Spray and Wait routing protocol, is explored and it presents a viable solution for ensuring reliable communication by utilizing a store-carry-forward mechanism. Spray and Wait is an efficient routing protocol designed to address the challenges posed by delay and disruption in networks where continuous paths between source and destination are unavailable. For the third objective, after performing a thorough literature survey and attacks of DTN and IoT it was observed Both DTNs and IoT environments face critical security challenges, particularly in various intrusion and attacks, such as denial of service, routing attacks, and unauthorized access. This objective explores Anomaly detection mechanism based on energy aware routing which is effective in DTNs, and implements an Intrusion detection engine for Denial of service, version and rand attacks For the final objective, after performing the extensive survey it was observed that Intrusion detection in Delay Tolerant Networks and IoT presents unique challenges .Traditional IDS approaches must be adapted or redesigned to handle these environments effectively. By leveraging hybrid detection systems, machine learning, and trust-based mechanisms, intrusion detection can be made more robust in these challenging environments.