VOLTAGE DIFFERENCING CURRENT CONVEYOR AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN IMPLEMENTATION OF FILTERS AND OSCILLATORS

Abstract

The iuse iof inew, iactive ibuilding iblocks iis ifavoured ifor ihigher ifrequency irange. iSeveral iactive ibuilding iblocks ihave irecently ibeen ipresented iin iwhich ia ipowerful iand iversatile iactive ibuilding iblock iis ia iVDCC i(Voltage iDifferencing iCurrent iConveyor). i It ihas ifeatures iof iboth ian ioperational itransconductance iamplifier iand icurrent iconveyor isuch ias ilow isupply ivoltage iand ipower, itransferring iboth icurrent iand ivoltage ito ithe irespective iterminals, iwell-developed iIC itopology iand ihaving ielectronically itunable itransconductance. iThe iVDCC iis iused iin imany iapplications iin isignal iprocessing icircuits, iin iparticular iin imany ioscillators iand ifilters. The iwork ipresented iincludes igrounded iand ifloating isimulators iof iinductors, iand itheir iuse iin ifilter idesign. iIn iaddition, iboth igrounded iand ifloating iinductance isimulators iuse ionly ione icurrent iconveyor i(VDCC) idifferentiating ivoltage iand ifew ipassive ielements. iIt ihas ibeen iused iin inumerous ifilter-to-oscillator iapplications. Multiplier icapacitor icircuit ibased ion iVDCC iin iwhich ia igrounded icapacitance imultiplies iby ia ivariable ituning ifactor. iThe ivalue iof ithis ituning ifactor iis iattuned iby igrounded iVDCC iresistances ior itransconductances. New iarbitrary igeneral igrounded iimpedance iscaling iconfiguration iusing itwo iVDCCs iand ithree igrounded iresistances iwas iintroduced. iThe icircuit ipresented imay iincrease ior idecrease ithe ivalues iof iany igeneralized igrounded iimpedance iby ivariation iin ivariation iof ibias icurrent ior igrounded iresistance. Current-mode iuniversal ibiquadratic ifilter icomposed iof ione iVDCC iand ithree igrounded ipassive icomponents ibased ion iVDCC. iIt irealized iall ithe ifive istandard ifiltering ifunction iusing isame icircuit istructure iwith isome ichanges iin iposition iof iinput icurrent. IThis icircuit iis ialso icapable iof isetting iorthogonal icontrol iover iQ i(Quality ifactor) iand iꞶ0 i(Centre ifrequency). In ithis iproject, iI ialso ianalysed ithe iworking iof ithree ioscillator icircuit iand ifinally proposed ione ioscillator icircuit ibase ion iVDCC. iAll ithree ioscillators iare iquadrature oscillator. iFirst ioscillator icircuit iarchitecture, ithere's ijust ione iVDCC, itwo iresistors and two icondensers. iIt iis iregulated iin icurrent imode iby isingle-resistance icontrolled sinusoidal ioscillators i(SRCOs). iIt ioffers iindependent icontrol iof iFO i(Frequency of Oscillationi) iand iCO (Condition of Oscillationi) iacross ivarious iresistances. iHence, ihave independent iCO iand iFO. i In isecond idesign iof ioscillator, ithe iused iVDCC iblock ihas isome imodification isuch ias instead iof iWn iterminal icopy iof iWp iis iused. iThis iis iquadrature isinusoidal ioscillator which iconsists iof ione iVDCC, itwo icapacitors iand ithree iresistors. CO iand iFOi iare iindependent iof ione ianother. In ithird idesign iof ioscillator itwo iVDCCs iare iused ialong iwith itwo iresistors iand capacitors. iThis ioscillator iproduces isinusoidal iquadrature ioscillation iin iboth icurrent and ivoltage imode. iCO iand iFO iare iindependent iof ieach iother. In imy iproposed idesign iof ioscillator iused itwo iVDCC, ithree iresistors iand itwo capacitors. iAll ipassive icomponents iare igrounded iwhich iis iperfect ifor iIC imonolithic manufacture. iThe ioscillation ifrequency iand ithe ioscillation icondition iare iindependent of one ianother. iOscillators iare iused iin inumerous iapplications iin ithe iarea iof communications, icontrol isystem, isound isystem, iinstruments ietc. All ithe isimulation iin ithis iproject iand iresult iverification iis idone ion iPSPICE isoftware using i180nm itechnology.