HYDROCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF GROUNDWATER FOR DRINKING AND IRRIGATION IN HISAR, HARYANA, INDIA

Abstract

Groundwater is a valuable resource. The inhabitants of Hisar, India, rely on groundwater for drinking and agricultural purposes. Consequently, thirty samples of groundwater were fetched and hydro chemically assessed for physicochemical parameters. Assessment reveals that approximately 72% of all analyzed parameters exceeded the WHO drinking water standards, and about 43% surpassed BIS standards. Water Quality Index (WQI) shows that 60% of the groundwater is unfit, 24% is poor, and 16% is good for drinking. Irrigation index from the US salinity diagram suggests the following classes: 43.33% C3-S1, 36.67% C4-S1, 13.33% C4-S2, and 6.67% C2- S1. Residual sodium carbonate depicts 50% irrigation suitability. Soluble sodium percent, Kelly’s ratio, and magnesium hazard suggest 64% unsuitability for the former two, with the latter recording 97% of the water unfit. Base exchange and infiltration type show that 97% of the water is Na+- SO4- type and is deep meteoric. Gibb’s diagrams recommend that there is a dissolution of rocks minerals in the area. Piper Trilinear classification depicts that most water is of the Mixed Ca-Mg-Cl type followed by NaCl type. The order of significant positive ions is Na+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+, and significant negative ions of the samples analyzed is Cl - > HCO3- > SO42- > CO32 > F- > PO43-. Correlation analysis reveals that EC, TDS, and salinity correlated significantly with Cl-, SO42-, Ca2+ and Li; pH negatively connected with 50% of all parameters. With a cumulative variance of 83.57%, Principal component analysis pulls out five significant components.