REALIZATION OF OTRA BASED ANALOG CIRCUITS

Abstract

Over the last few decades, the circuit designers have used the voltage mode signaling technique for the designing of analog circuits. Through this technique was very reliable yet with the progress of technology it is facing some serious problems. The evolutions of submicron technologies has resulted in the requirement to use low power supply voltage which makes it difficult to design voltage mode circuits with high level of linearity in a wide dynamic range. Also as the signal processing moves to high frequencies, the constant gain bandwidth product of this techniques makes it unfit to the used. The sluggish slew-rate of this technique is also a problem for upcoming faster circuits. Theses problems can be solved by implementing analog signal processing circuits using current mode techniques. The major benefits associated with current mode signaling are larger dynamic range and better linearity, higher bandwidth; higher slew-rate besides others. Different analog circuit building blocks working on current mode signaling techniques are available such as various generations of current conveyor, CFOA, CDTA, CDBA, OTA, OTRA etc. This thesis is dedicated to OTRA based analog circuits. A brief introduction to current mode signaling and some of its blocks is given followed by a literature review of OTRA which includes its realization techniques and applications. Some OTRA simulated structures and its application circuits are using PSPICE. Then OTRA based inverse filter topologies are proposed and their workability is verified using PSPICE.