http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/16858 2026-09-12T22:44:09Z http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/23091 Title: ACCESS TO HEALTH INSURANCE UNDER AYUSHMAN BHARAT (PM-JAY): COVERAGE VERSUS ACTUAL UTILISATION — AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS Authors: SATYAM; Arora, Rajiv (SUPERVISOR) Abstract: India a large part Of its health bill straight out Of the s own pocket, and for households a single hospital stay can wipe out years of savings. Ayushman Bharat (PM-JAY) was launched in 2018 to soften that blow by giving more than 50 crore a Of {5 lakh per Elmily each year for hospital treatment. On this is one of the biggest health schemes in the world. But having a card and actually using it are two different things. Illis dissertation asks a simple question: when the govemment gives a family insurance cover, does that cover turn into real treatment, and if not, why not? I study the distance (how many people hold an Ayushrnan card) and utilisation (how many actually use it) using mainly state-level data from the PM-JAY dashboard, the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), the NSS 75th Round, and the National Health Authority's annual rem)rts. The work is built around objectives and uses ordinary least squares (OLS) regression with robust standard errors, sup1Mted by a qualitative reading of how different run the scheme. Three findings stand out. First, PM-JAY coverage is somewhat higher in lxmer states, which suggests the scheme is reaching the people it was meant for, but rural and hilly areas still lag l*hind. Second, the coverage—utilisation gap grows åstest exactly where enrolment grows fastest — in other words, handing out mre cards does not by itself mean n»re treatnrnt. Third, the single factor that most reliably tums a card into actual hospital care is the density of empanelled hospitals: where there are n»re PM-JAY hospitals near Ikople, utilisation rises. Interestingly, a state having large general health infrastructure does not high PM-JAY use, that infrastnrture is not always plugged into the scheme. The clear is that the success of PM-JAY should not judged by how many cards are printed, but by how many cards are used. Expanding and prolRrly paying empanelled hospitals, cutting administrative friction, and pushing awareness through frontline workers are likely to do more for the than enrolment alone. 2026-06-01T00:00:00Z http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/23079 Title: DO EXPENDITURES ON SOCIAL OBLIGATIONS PUSH INDIAN HOUSEHOLDS TOWARD DEBT CYCLING? EVIDENCE FROM A CORRELATED RANDOM EFFECTS ANALYSIS Authors: VISHWAKARMA, RIYA; Kumar, Virender (SUPERVISOR) Abstract: The practice of debt cycling is incurring new debt to pay back existing debt obligations which has emerged as a pervasive and structurally embedded feature of Indian household finance, yet the role of culturally mandated social obligation expenditure in initiating and perpetuating this debt cycle remains scarcely understood. While existing literature documents the scale of ceremonial and social expenditure among Indian households and its association with indebtedness, the empirical evidence of causality using rigorous panel data econometrics is less. Using the longitudinal data from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy’s Consumer Pyramids Household Survey (CPHS) spanning 2020 to 2024, covering more than 1,80,000 households, we examine the effect of social obligation expenditure on the probability of debt cycling by estimating a Correlated Random Effects Probit model with the Mundlak device, which controls for the time-invariant unobserved household heterogeneity while retaining the full sample and all the time-invariant regressors. The study finds that social obligation expenditure significantly and robustly increases the probability of household debt cycling, with the effect operating primarily through a delayed repayment stress mechanism. Thus, expenditure on social obligations create large and unavoidable liquidity shocks that are structurally incompatible with fixed loan repayment schedules, particularly for households with volatile incomes, triggering new borrowing to service existing debt in the following period. This calls for community level interventions to reduce the arms race in social obligation spending and broader income stabilisation schemes targeting the high income-volatility that the study identifies as the dominant proximate driver of household debt cycling in India. 2026-06-01T00:00:00Z http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/23060 Title: HOW DOES GLOBALIZATION IMPACT THE ADOPTION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGIES BY COUNTRIES? Authors: RATHI, SHAIFALI; Kumar, Virender (SUPERVISOR) Abstract: Globalization unfolds itself continuously in the form of economic integration, policy transfer across borders, cultural exchange, and dissemination of technological advancements in the new digitalized times. Mitigating climate change requires the development and implementation of environmentally friendly technologies and the use of innovative measures. This paper examines how different types of globalization influence and affect the adoption of green technologies. We use country-level data for the globalization index (KOF), development of environmentally related technologies by total technologies(ET), carbon dioxide emissions per capita interaction with globalization, environmental taxes as a percentage of total tax revenue of government(TAX), environmentally related ODA as a percentage of total allocated ODA (ODA), mortality by exposure to ambient ozone(OZO) and total energy supply index(TES) for 81countries for the years 1990 to 2019 and using advanced panel data modelling. The various globalizations are separately examined which include trade, finance, informational and interpersonal globalizations. The empirical results show that globalization can positively and significantly influence the introduction of green technologies in all countries. The results are quite robust when using different alternative model specifications. The results of this study also show how the adoption, collaboration, acceleration and transfer of green technologies between economies worldwide can be promoted and accelerated. 2024-05-01T00:00:00Z http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/23056 Title: HOW ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL INSTABLITY AFFECT FOREIGN PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT FLOWS TO EMERGING MARKET ECONOMIES? DO FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES MATTER? Authors: ARSHIYA; Kumar, Virender (SUPERVISOR) Abstract: Foreign Portfolio investments are short term investment made by the portfolio investors and are highly sensitive to the developments and uncertainties that take place in a country and potentially causing economic or political instability. The study involves data of 16 emerging economies ranging from the time period 2010-2023. The study focuses on analysing the joint effect of both the instabilities on FPI inflows. The novel contribution of the work is analysing how foreign exchange reserves buffer the negative effect of instabilities on FPI flow. The methodology used is Driscoll-Kraay panel estimator, adjusting for the three issues that arise simultaneously, serial correlation, cross sectional dependence and heteroskedasticity. The main results reveal that economic instability significantly deteriorates FPI inflow in an emerging economy. However, political stability attracts portfolio investment as it builds investors’ confidence through quality governance and institutional working. The study further reveals countries with higher reserve dampen the negative effect of economic instability. The implications of these findings are relevant for policy of reserve management, macroeconomic stabilisation policy and strategy to build investor’s confidence to invest in a country’s assets. 2026-06-01T00:00:00Z