DSpace Collection:http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/222026-11-07T02:00:37Z2026-11-07T02:00:37ZDESIGN, SYNTHESIS, AND APPLICATIONS OF INDOLE AND ISOINDOLE DERIVATIVESARORA, PRIYANKASingh, Ram (SUPERVISOR)http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/234042026-10-16T06:36:51Z2026-07-01T00:00:00ZTitle: DESIGN, SYNTHESIS, AND APPLICATIONS OF INDOLE AND ISOINDOLE DERIVATIVES
Authors: ARORA, PRIYANKA; Singh, Ram (SUPERVISOR)
Abstract: The present work entitled “Design, Synthesis, and Applications of Indole and
Isoindole Derivatives” has been divided into six chapters.
Chapter 1 covers the general description of various synthetic methodologies of indole and
isoindolin-1-one heterocyclic compounds and their biological applications.
Chapter 2 covers the in-silico studies of 3-acyl-3-hydroxyisoindolin-1-one derivatives as
potential MAO-B inhibitors for neurodegenerative diseases focusing on PD. A large library
of 279 derivatives was created and molecular docking of the complete library was performed.
Then, the top two docked scored compounds were further investigated using other parameters
such as MDS, MM-GBSA binding free energy, ADME, and DFT studies. Two ligands, 3
hydroxy-2-(4-isopropylphenyl)-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl)isoindolin-1-one (90) and 2
(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-hydroxy-3-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl)isoindolin-1-one
(173)
displayed superior docking score values of -12.088 kcal/mol and -12.085 kcal/mol,
respectively. MDS over 500 ns demonstrated the stability of both the ligands 90 and 173 with
RMSD and RMSF values below 2 Å. ADME profiling of both ligands indicated favourable
pharmacokinetic parameters, while DFT analysis showed high chemical reactivity and low
kinetic stability. This suggested that ligands 90 and 173 exhibit strong potential as promising
lead candidates for MAO-B inhibition.
Chapter 3 discusses a new Selectfluor-mediated synthetic route for the regioselective
synthesis of 3-acyl-3-hydroxyisoindolin-1-ones from N-substituted-2‑(1-alkynyl)benzamides
with sodium bicarbonate as mild base in acetonitrile solvent. Water was used as the source
for oxidation and hydroxylation. All the derivatives of 3-acyl-3-hydroxyisoindolin-1-ones
were synthesized and characterized with 73-85% isolated yield. Control experiments revealed
that this new synthetic method followed free radical pathway. Anti-oxidant activities of
synthesized compounds are also discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 4 covers the in-silico studies of N-alkenylindole derivatives to evaluate their
inhibitory activity against MAO-B. A library of 147 N-alkenylindole ligands was made and
molecular docking of the complete library with the MAO-B protein target was performed.
Further, the top two docked scored ligands were investigated using other in-silico tools which
were MDS, MM-GBSA binding free energy, ADME, and DFT studies. Two ligands, 3-(1
(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl)phenol (66) and 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1
(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-1H-indole (63) showed superior docking scores of
11.8 kcal/mol and -11.4 kcal/mol, respectively in their library. MDS performed over 500 ns
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demonstrated lower RMSD and RMSF values for ligand 66 compared to ligand 63, indicating
greater ligand 66-protein docked complex stability. Post-MDS MM-GBSA calculations
depicting energetically favourable interactions. ADME profiling of both ligands indicated
favourable drug-likeness and physicochemical properties. Whereas DFT analysis showed
higher chemical reactivity and low kinetic stability of ligand 66 compared to ligand 63.
Chapter 5 covers a new metal-free synthetic method for the regioselective synthesis of N
alkenylindoles from 2-(1-alkynyl)anilines and cyclic ketones catalyzed by molecular iodine
in toluene:DMF (20:1, v/v) solvent ratio. This developed method facilitated the synthesis of
19 derivatives with yields ranging from 56 to 73 % yield, of which 18 are new derivatives.
This developed method was well tolerated the presence of both electron-donating and
electron-withdrawing groups including hetero-aromatic rings. According to control
experiment, this new synthetic route follows an ionic pathway. Moreover, the antioxidant
activities of the synthesized N-alkenylindole compounds were evaluated and discussion in
this chapter.
Chapter 6 is the conclusion chapter where all the work carried out has been summarized,
followed by future prospects and social impact.2026-07-01T00:00:00ZFABRICATION AND EVALUATION OF ENCAPSULATED PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS FOR LATENT HEAT STORAGEVARSHNEY, GUNJANKaur, Raminder (SUPERVISOR)Zulfequar, Mohammad (CO-SUPERVISOR)http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/233782026-10-16T06:33:31Z2026-09-01T00:00:00ZTitle: FABRICATION AND EVALUATION OF ENCAPSULATED PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS FOR LATENT HEAT STORAGE
Authors: VARSHNEY, GUNJAN; Kaur, Raminder (SUPERVISOR); Zulfequar, Mohammad (CO-SUPERVISOR)
Abstract: The growing global energy demand and overreliance on fossil fuels like coal and petroleum
have resulted in serious environmental issues such as climate change, greenhouse gas
emissions, and ecological imbalance. The pursuit of sustainable energy management
technologies that can boost energy efficiency while lessening the demand on non-renewable
resources has accelerated due to these concerns. Among numerous approaches, thermal energy
storage (TES) systems have emerged as a viable alternative for storing excess thermal energy
and releasing it whenever it is required. Phase change materials (PCMs) have drawn a lot of
attention in this regard because of their capacity to store and release a significant quantity of
latent heat during phase transition at constant temperatures.
Among the several PCMs, Eicosane (ESE) is well known for its high latent heat storage
capacity, non-corrosive nature, chemical stability, and appropriate melting temperature for
applications involving low-temperature TES. The core PCM in this work is ESE, which has a
melting point of about 38.9 °C and a melting enthalpy of 239.9 J.g-1. Despite its benefits,
paraffin-based PCMs have numerous intrinsic drawbacks that limit their practical application,
including limited thermal conductivity, poor structural stability, and leakage during the phase
change process. As a result, the current thesis is focused on producing advanced material
techniques to overcome these obstacles and broaden the application of paraffin-based PCMs.
To achieve the desired objectives, ESE was first microencapsulated into polymeric shell of
polystyrene (PS) by a mini-emulsion polymerization process aided by probe sonication, where
polybutylacrylate (PBA) copolymer shell was also used to increase structural integrity. The
resultant microencapsulated phase change materials (MPCMs) showed an encapsulation ratio
of 91.9%, encapsulation efficiency of 91.6%, with a melting enthalpy of 220.5 J.g-1. The
thermal stability and behaviour of the microcapsules were systematically analyzed using
Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) while
diffusion tests were carried out to assess leakage resistance. The findings demonstrated that, in
comparison to pure ESE, the microencapsulated systems had noticeably improved thermal
stability.
Additionally, paraffin was encapsulated at the nanoscale to produce nanoencapsulated phase
change materials (NPCMs), which further enhanced heat transfer properties and interfacial
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interactions. The PCM's thermal responsiveness is improved by the increased surface area that
the smaller particle size offered, which promotes interaction between the PCM and its
surroundings. The synthesized NPCMs possessed an encapsulation ratio of 93.6%,
encapsulation efficiency of 87.2%, and melting enthalpy of 224.6 J.g-1. The efficient
encapsulation of ESE within the polymeric shell of polystearylmethacrylate was verified using
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), while the particle size distribution of the
produced nanocapsules was ascertained.
Further research includes the development of microcapsules with varying crosslinking agent
ratios within the polymer shell in order to optimize the thermal stability of the MPCM and
investigate their effects on structural strength. The thermal performance and stability of these
MPCMs were assessed using DSC and TGA techniques, and significant thermal parameters
were calculated from the thermograms in order to assess their performance as TES systems.
Among the investigated formulations, EPD5 exhibited a melting enthalpy of 170.5 J.g-1, an
encapsulation ratio of 62.4%, and an encapsulation efficiency of 68.3%.
The encapsulated PCM system was supplemented with synthesized thermal conductive
nanoparticles (NPs) to improve the overall thermal performance of the tailored microcapsules.
Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) analysis revealed the amorphous nature of the surrounding
polymer shell and validated the structural properties of these NPs. The inclusion of NPs
improved the thermal response of the encapsulated PCM system. The ZnATH-(O) NP-doped
MPCM (Z7) showed a melting enthalpy of 186.8 J.g-1, while the FeATH-(O) NP-doped MPCM
(F5) exhibited a melting enthalpy of 226.2 J.g-1, with encapsulation ratios of 77.9% and 94.3%,
respectively.
In addition to encapsulation techniques, shape-stabilized phase change materials (SSPCMs)
were produced using porous supporting material to mitigate seepage during the phase transition
of the PCMs. The optimized ESE/MWCNT SSPCM (SS-EM@9) achieved a melting enthalpy
of 215.3 J.g-1 and crystallization enthalpy of 212.7 J.g-1, with a thermal storage capacity of
99.8%. The morphological features of the composites were evaluated using Field-Emission
Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), which revealed the efficient inclusion of PCM
inside the porous structure. The obtained SSPCMs showed enhanced thermal stability and
remarkable structural integrity.
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Overall, this study provides a thorough investigation into the design, synthesis, and
characterization of MPCMs, NPCMs and SSPCMs for efficient TES. The synthesized novel
materials exhibit improved stability and performance, indicating their potential for real-world
applications in TES technologies. This research makes a substantial contribution to the fields
of materials engineering, polymer science, and energy storage. It also offers a viable solution
to lessen reliance on non-renewable energy sources while promoting sustainable energy
management.2026-09-01T00:00:00ZBIOPOLYMER-BASED HYDROGELS: SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONSPRIYANKAWarkar, Sudhir G. (supervisor)Kumar, Anil (CO-SUPERVISOR)http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/230082026-07-06T09:16:16Z2026-04-01T00:00:00ZTitle: BIOPOLYMER-BASED HYDROGELS: SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS
Authors: PRIYANKA; Warkar, Sudhir G. (supervisor); Kumar, Anil (CO-SUPERVISOR)
Abstract: The thesis focuses on the synthesis of biopolymer-based hydrogel composites under
ambient conditions, with emphasis on their applications in water remediation, drug
delivery, sensing, and agricultural applications. The synthesized matrices were
characterized using various spectroscopic and analytical techniques, which include X
Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR),
Thermogravimetric Analyser (TGA), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and Scanning
Electron Microscopy (SEM). In recent years, sustainable biomaterials have garnered
significant attention across a wide range of applications. In this work, inorganic and
organic materials were incorporated in Carboxymethyl Tamarind Kernel Gum
(CMTKG)-Polyacrylamide (PAM) based matrix to assess their applicability in diverse
fields. The potential application of a synthesized graphene oxide/carboxymethyl tamarind
kernel gum/polyacrylamide (GO/CMTKG/PAM) hydrogel composite was investigated
for the sequestration of cationic organic dyes, namely crystal violet and methylene blue,
from aqueous medium. The synthesized hydrogel composite as an adsorbent showed
more than 95 % removal efficacy for both organic dyes, indicating its potential as an
effective adsorbent for dyes sequestration.
Additionally, the effect of polymer (sodium polyacrylate (PSA) and polyacrylamide
(PAM)), with or without GO incorporation in CMTKG-based hydrogel composites, were
studied for the ciprofloxacin delivery. The observed drug release behavior revealed that
the Korsmeyer-Peppas model was found to be the best-fitted. The CMTKG-PSA-GO and
CMTKG-PSA hydrogel composites follow the Fickian diffusion mechanism, while the
non-Fickian diffusion mechanism was followed by CMTKG-PAM-GO and CMTKG
PAM. The incorporation of GO into hydrogel matrices enhanced properties such as the
swelling ratio, gel content, and porosity of the hydrogel and the drug release behavior.
Therefore, the synthesized hydrogel composites could serve as a promising substitute for
the oral delivery of the ciprofloxacin drug.
Furthermore, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were incorporated into CMTKG-PAM
hydrogel. The green synthesis of IONPs using citrus limetta peel and then the synthesis
of IONPs incorporated with CMTKG-PAM was performed, characterized, and employed
for the administration of the levofloxacin drug. The experimental study reveals that the
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drug release mechanism was found to have good correlation with the Korsmeyer-Peppas
model, and the drug release in CMTKG-PAM-IONPs hydrogel was governed by a non
Fickian diffusion mechanism. The drug release was found to be maximum in stimulated
pH 7.4, highlighting the potential of CMTKG-PAM-IONPs as a targeted drug delivery
system. Additionally, to deliver the azithromycin drug, a series of hydrogels was
formulated using sodium alginate, CMTKG, and PAM (SA/CMTKG/PAM) hydrogel.
The optimized hydrogel was characterized, and the observed results reveal that drug
release follows the Korsmeyer-Peppas and Higuchi models in both the pH’s solutions.
Furthermore, on incorporating m-BPDM into CMTKG/PAM hydrogel as a potent
candidate for colorimetric sensing of Zinc, cadmium, and mercury ions from aqueous
solution for real-time application. Moreover, to evaluate its agricultural application, the
CMTKG/PAA/IA hydrogel was used for a dual purpose: as a soil conditioner and as a
carrier for delivering iron as a micronutrient to the field. Overall, it can be concluded that
this thesis provides a comprehensive study on biopolymer-based hydrogels by
incorporating different inorganic and organic materials as fillers into CMTKG-based
hydrogel and their potential application in a variety of fields.2026-04-01T00:00:00ZDEVELOPMENT OF C-F BOND IN ORGANIC MOLECULES AND THEIR APPLICATIONSPRAKASH, CHANDRASINGH, RAM (SUPERVISOR)http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/227612026-06-08T05:45:36Z2025-10-01T00:00:00ZTitle: DEVELOPMENT OF C-F BOND IN ORGANIC MOLECULES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
Authors: PRAKASH, CHANDRA; SINGH, RAM (SUPERVISOR)
Abstract: The present work has been carried out to design the methodology and synthesis of
aliphatic and aromatic fluoroorganic compounds containing the C-F bond and overcome some
of the limitations reported in the literature.
Chapter 1 provides a general description of fluoro-organic chemistry, the effect of fluorination
on organic compounds, and their applications in various fields. The literature discussed in this
chapter covers various fluorination mechanisms, including direct fluorination, electrochemical
fluorination, nucleophilic fluorination, electrophilic fluorination, and radical fluorination, used
for the synthesis of fluoroorganic compounds. This chapter also covers the different reagents
used for the generation of the C-F bond in aliphatic and aromatic organic molecules.
Chapter 2 covers the materials and methods, which describe different materials and
instruments used in experimentation. The section explains the procedures for the synthesis of
fluoroacetophenone derivatives and the synthesis of 3,7-difluorinatedoxindole derivatives. The
methods for the -fluorination of acetophenone derivatives in a Fe(NO3)3·9H2O/KBr/TBAF
mediated reaction and synthesis of 3,7-difluorinated oxindole derivatives, from indoles via
Selectfluor mediated fluorination have been given in this chapter. This chapter also mentions
the procedure for the synthesis of 3-indoleacetic acids, used as raw material. The
characterisation data of the synthesized fluorinated compounds, as well as the synthesized
starting materials, with different spectroscopic techniques, the determined melting points, and
physical states of the synthesized compounds are also mentioned in this chapter. The general
Method for the evaluation of flame retardancy of the selected synthesized compounds as per
UL 94 has also been covered in this chapter.
Chapter 3 is the results and discussion, which covers a detailed explanation about the design
of the methodology for fluorination, optimization of reaction conditions, and synthesis and
characterization of different fluorinated molecules. It also covers the detailed procedure for the
preparation of polyurethane films, their testing, and results. To synthesize the 3,7-difluorinated
oxindole derivatives, the ester of indoleacetic acid was synthesized by reaction with various
alcohols.
Chapter 4 summarized the work done, discussed the prospects and societal impact of the work.
This chapter is followed by the references used in the thesis.2025-10-01T00:00:00Z